I’ve been reading Brené Brown’s book Strong Ground—a truly excellent read for anyone who leads others, even if that person is yourself on most days. While each chapter offers something powerful, one section stood out to me. Brown writes that one of the most impactful shifts in her decades of research centers on the topic of humiliation and that this understanding feels especially relevant right now.

Her distinctions between shame, guilt, humiliation, and embarrassment feel both timely and deeply needed. They remind us how essential it is to stay human—to navigate conflict and challenge in ways that preserve respect, dignity, and possibility. Brown points out that humiliation is one of the most significant drivers of violence from interpersonal to international conflict.

She illustrates that we often lack discernment between these emotional forces and use the terms interchangeably, to our detriment. Her perspective led me to ask: What if we did? What if we learned to truly distinguish them -what might become possible? It reminded me that there is no place too small to begin this work.

Moving beyond the blame game and standing firmly in the importance of both empathy and accountability, Strong Ground offers a path toward something different: a future built on curiosity, honesty, and courageous communication. What’s more, Brown’s research (and that of many others) shows that these same qualities are not only the most human way to lead, they’re also the most effective, creating greater engagement, innovation, and even higher revenues.

Here are a few of her definitions that stood out:

• Shame: I am bad. The focus is on the self, not the behavior. The result is feeling flawed and unworthy of love, belonging, and connection. It is not a driver of positive change.
• Guilt: I did something bad. The focus is on behavior. Guilt is the discomfort we feel when we evaluate what we’ve done -or failed to do- against our values. It can drive positive change and behavior.
• Humiliation: I’ve been belittled or put down by someone. This left me feeling unworthy of connection and belonging. It was unfair, and I did not deserve it. With shame, we believe we deserved it; with humiliation, we believe we did not.
• Embarrassment: I did something that made me uncomfortable, but I know I’m not alone. Everyone does these kinds of things. Embarrassment is fleeting, sometimes even funny.

Brown notes that she once believed shame was more dangerous than humiliation—because we tend to hide our shame, believing it to be true. Yet research shows that humiliation can trigger a cascade of reactions, including social pain, decreased self-awareness, increased self-defeating behavior, and reduced self-regulation -all of which can lead to violence. Harling and colleagues argue that “humiliation is not only the most underappreciated force in international relations—it may be the missing link in the search for the root cause of violent conflict… perhaps the most toxic social dynamic of our age.”

Brown continues:

“I believe this connection between humiliation and aggression or violence explains much of what we’re seeing today. Amplified by the reach of social media, dehumanizing and humiliating others has become increasingly normalized -alongside violence. Now, instead of humiliating someone in front of a small group, we have the power to eviscerate them before a global audience of strangers. Shame and humiliation will never be effective tools for social justice. They are tools of oppression.”

And she quotes Elie Wiesel’s powerful reminder:

“Never allow anyone to be humiliated in your presence.”

Finally, Brown emphasizes that leaders who are unwilling to talk about power are either actively abusing it or preserving the option to do so by avoiding the conversation. Daring leaders, on the other hand, welcome conversations about power and model self-reflection and curiosity.

Reading Strong Ground reminded me how vital it is that we each do our part to restore dignity in how we lead, speak, and connect. Whether in our families, organizations, or communities, the work begins with cultivating awareness choosing to see and honor the humanity in one another, and then learning the necessary skills of communication that preserve that dignity -even when it’s hard.